![Fork me on GitHub](/docs/_next/image/?url=%2Fdocs%2F_next%2Fstatic%2Fmedia%2Fforkme.b9234619.webp&w=256&q=75)
Teleport
Database Access with Redshift on AWS
- Version 17.x
- Version 16.x
- Version 15.x
- Version 14.x
- Older Versions
![Federating Amazon Redshift Access using Teleport](/docs/_next/image/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fi.ytimg.com%2Fvi%2FUFhT52d5bYg%2Fdefault.jpg&w=256&q=75)
Federating Amazon Redshift Access using Teleport
Length: 08:11
Teleport can provide secure access to Amazon Redshift via the Teleport Database Service. This allows for fine-grained access control through Teleport's RBAC.
In this guide, you will:
- Configure your Amazon Redshift database with IAM authentication.
- Add the database to your Teleport cluster.
- Connect to the database via Teleport.
How it works
The Teleport Database Service uses IAM authentication to communicate with Amazon Redshift. When a user connects to the database via Teleport, the Teleport Database Service obtains AWS credentials and authenticates to AWS as an IAM principal with permissions to access the database.
This guide shows how to register a single Amazon Redshift cluster with your Teleport cluster. For a more scalable approach, learn how to set up Database Auto-Discovery to automatically enroll all databases in your infrastructure.
Prerequisites
-
A running Teleport cluster version 16.2.1 or above. If you want to get started with Teleport, sign up for a free trial or set up a demo environment.
-
The
tctl
admin tool andtsh
client tool.Visit Installation for instructions on downloading
tctl
andtsh
.
- AWS account with a Redshift cluster and permissions to create and attach IAM policies.
- Command-line client
psql
installed and added to your system'sPATH
environment variable. - A host, e.g., an EC2 instance, where you will run the Teleport Database Service.
- To check that you can connect to your Teleport cluster, sign in with
tsh login
, then verify that you can runtctl
commands using your current credentials. For example:If you can connect to the cluster and run thetsh login --proxy=teleport.example.com --user=[email protected]tctl statusCluster teleport.example.com
Version 16.2.1
CA pin sha256:abdc1245efgh5678abdc1245efgh5678abdc1245efgh5678abdc1245efgh5678
tctl status
command, you can use your current credentials to run subsequenttctl
commands from your workstation. If you host your own Teleport cluster, you can also runtctl
commands on the computer that hosts the Teleport Auth Service for full permissions.
Step 1/6. Create a Teleport user
To modify an existing user to provide access to the Database Service, see Database Access Controls
Create a local Teleport user with the built-in access
role:
tctl users add \ --roles=access \ --db-users="*" \ --db-names="*" \ alice
Create a local Teleport user with the built-in access
and requester
roles:
tctl users add \ --roles=access,requester \ --db-users="*" \ --db-names="*" \ alice
Flag | Description |
---|---|
--roles | List of roles to assign to the user. The builtin access role allows them to connect to any database server registered with Teleport. |
--db-users | List of database usernames the user will be allowed to use when connecting to the databases. A wildcard allows any user. |
--db-names | List of logical databases (aka schemas) the user will be allowed to connect to within a database server. A wildcard allows any database. |
Database names are only enforced for PostgreSQL, MongoDB, and Cloud Spanner databases.
For more detailed information about database access controls and how to restrict access see RBAC documentation.
Step 2/6. Create a Database Service configuration
The Database Service requires a valid join token to join your Teleport cluster.
Run the following tctl
command and save the token output in /tmp/token
on the server that will run the Database Service:
tctl tokens add --type=db --format=textabcd123-insecure-do-not-use-this
For users with a lot of infrastructure in AWS, or who might create or recreate many instances, consider alternative methods for joining new EC2 instances running Teleport:
Install Teleport on your Linux server:
-
Assign edition to one of the following, depending on your Teleport edition:
Edition Value Teleport Enterprise Cloud cloud
Teleport Enterprise (Self-Hosted) enterprise
Teleport Community Edition oss
-
Get the version of Teleport to install. If you have automatic agent updates enabled in your cluster, query the latest Teleport version that is compatible with the updater:
TELEPORT_DOMAIN=example.teleport.comTELEPORT_VERSION="$(curl https://$TELEPORT_DOMAIN/v1/webapi/automaticupgrades/channel/default/version | sed 's/v//')"Otherwise, get the version of your Teleport cluster:
TELEPORT_DOMAIN=example.teleport.comTELEPORT_VERSION="$(curl https://$TELEPORT_DOMAIN/v1/webapi/ping | jq -r '.server_version')" -
Install Teleport on your Linux server:
curl https://cdn.teleport.dev/install-v16.2.1.sh | bash -s ${TELEPORT_VERSION} editionThe installation script detects the package manager on your Linux server and uses it to install Teleport binaries. To customize your installation, learn about the Teleport package repositories in the installation guide.
On the node that is running the Database Service, create a configuration file.
Assign CLUSTER_URI
to the domain name and port of the cluster:
sudo teleport db configure create \ -o file \ --name="redshift-postgres" \ --proxy=teleport.example.com:3080 \ --protocol=postgres \ --token=/tmp/token \ --uri=${CLUSTER_URI?}
sudo teleport db configure create \ -o file \ --name="redshift-postgres" \ --proxy=mytenant.teleport.sh:443 \ --protocol=postgres \ --token=/tmp/token \ --uri=${CLUSTER_URI?}
The command will generate a Database Service configuration to proxy your AWS
Redshift cluster place it at the /etc/teleport.yaml
location.
Step 3/6. Create an IAM Role for user access (optional)
Redshift supports two methods of IAM authentication, both of which Teleport also supports.
First is IAM authentication as a database user. In this method, the Teleport Database Service generates a temporary IAM authentication token for a database user that already exists in the Redshift database. If you choose to use this method, you can skip this step as no additional IAM roles are required.
The second method is to authenticate as an IAM role. In this case, the Teleport Database Service assumes an IAM role to authenticate with Redshift. Redshift then maps that IAM role to a database username and creates that database user if it doesn't already exist in the database.
If you choose the second method, create the AWS IAM role to provide user access to the Redshift database. Go to IAM -> Access Management -> Roles, and click "Create Role".
Skip "Add permissions" for now, enter a role name, and press "Create role".
Once the role is created, find the role, and add the following inline policy to the IAM role:
Or in JSON format:
{
"Version": "2012-10-17",
"Statement": [
{
"Effect": "Allow",
"Action": "redshift:GetClusterCredentialsWithIAM",
"Resource": "arn:aws:redshift:us-east-1:123456789012:dbname:my-redshift/*"
}
]
}
Replace 123456789012
and my-redshift
with your AWS account ID and your
Redshift database's cluster ID.
Step 4/6. Configure IAM permissions for the Database Service
The Teleport Database Service needs AWS IAM permissions to provide access to Redshift databases.
Create an IAM role for Teleport
Grant the Database Service access to credentials that it can use to authenticate to AWS.
- If you are running the Database Service on an EC2 instance, you may use the EC2 Instance Metadata Service method
- If you are running the Database Service in Kubernetes, you can use IAM Roles for Service Accounts (IRSA)
- Otherwise, you must use environment variables
Teleport will detect when it is running on an EC2 instance and use the Instance Metadata Service to fetch credentials.
The EC2 instance should be configured to use an EC2 instance profile. For more information, see: Using Instance Profiles.
Refer to IAM Roles for Service Accounts (IRSA) to set up an OIDC provider in AWS and configure an AWS IAM role that allows the pod's service account to assume the role.
Teleport's built-in AWS client reads credentials from the following environment variables:
AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID
AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY
AWS_DEFAULT_REGION
When you start the Database Service, the service reads environment variables from a
file at the path /etc/default/teleport
. Obtain these credentials from your
organization. Ensure that /etc/default/teleport
has the following content,
replacing the values of each variable:
AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID=00000000000000000000
AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY=0000000000000000000000000000000000000000
AWS_DEFAULT_REGION=<YOUR_REGION>
Teleport's AWS client loads credentials from different sources in the following order:
- Environment Variables
- Shared credentials file
- Shared configuration file (Teleport always enables shared configuration)
- EC2 Instance Metadata (credentials only)
While you can provide AWS credentials via a shared credentials file or shared
configuration file, you will need to run the Database Service with the AWS_PROFILE
environment variable assigned to the name of your profile of choice.
If you have a specific use case that the instructions above do not account for, consult the documentation for the AWS SDK for Go for a detailed description of credential loading behavior.
Grant permissions
Attach the following AWS IAM permissions to the Database Service IAM role:
{
"Version": "2012-10-17",
"Statement": [
{
"Sid": "RedshiftConnectAsDBUser",
"Effect": "Allow",
"Action": "redshift:GetClusterCredentials",
"Resource": "*"
},
{
"Sid": "RedshiftConnectAsIAMRole",
"Effect": "Allow",
"Action": "sts:AssumeRole",
"Resource": [
"arn:aws:iam::aws-account-id:role/example-iam-role"
]
},
{
"Sid": "RedshiftFetchMetadata",
"Effect": "Allow",
"Action": "redshift:DescribeClusters",
"Resource": "*"
}
]
}
Statement | Purpose |
---|---|
RedshiftConnectAsDBUser | Connect to a database as an existing database user. |
RedshiftConnectAsIAMRole | Assume an IAM role to connect to a database with permissions mapped into the database 1:1 from the role's IAM permissions. |
RedshiftFetchMetadata | Automatically import AWS tags as database labels or find missing information such as the database's AWS region. |
You can reduce the scope of the RedshiftConnectAsDBUser
statement by updating
it to only allow specific users, databases, and database groups.
The resource ARN you can specify has the following formats:
arn:aws:redshift:{Region}:{AccountID}:dbuser:{ClusterName}/{UserName}arn:aws:redshift:{Region}:{AccountID}:dbname:{ClusterName}/{DatabaseName}arn:aws:redshift:{Region}:{AccountID}:dbgroup:{ClusterName}/{DatabaseGroupName}
See Create an IAM role or user with permissions to call GetClusterCredentials
for more information about the redshift:GetClusterCredentials
permission
grant syntax.
You can authenticate as an existing database user or as an IAM role that will
be automatically mapped into the database.
The corresponding IAM statement is only required for the method(s) you want to
use.
If an IAM role names the Database Service's identity as a trusted principal,
and both identities are in the same AWS account, then the
RedshiftConnectAsIAMRole
statement can also be omitted.
Databases discovered by the Teleport Discovery Service should be registered with
complete metadata, so you can also omit the RedshiftFetchMetadata
permissions if all of
your AWS databases are being auto-discovered.
Step 5/6. Start the Database Service
Configure the Database Service to start automatically when the host boots up by creating a systemd service for it. The instructions depend on how you installed the Database Service.
On the host where you will run the Database Service, enable and start Teleport:
sudo systemctl enable teleportsudo systemctl start teleport
On the host where you will run the Database Service, create a systemd service configuration for Teleport, enable the Teleport service, and start Teleport:
sudo teleport install systemd -o /etc/systemd/system/teleport.servicesudo systemctl enable teleportsudo systemctl start teleport
You can check the status of the Database Service with systemctl status teleport
and view its logs with journalctl -fu teleport
.
The Database Service will proxy the Amazon Redshift cluster with the ID you specified earlier. Keep in mind that AWS IAM changes may not propagate immediately and can take a few minutes to come into effect.
Step 6/6. Connect
Once the Database Service has started and joined the cluster, log in to see the
registered databases. Replace --proxy
with the address of your Teleport Proxy
Service.
tsh login --proxy=teleport.example.com --user=alicetsh db lsName Description Labels
----------- ------------------------------ --------
my-redshift ...
Once the Database Service has started and joined the cluster, log in to see the
registered databases. Replace --proxy
with the address of your Teleport Cloud
tenant.
tsh login --proxy=mytenant.teleport.sh --user=alicetsh db lsName Description Labels
----------- ------------------------------ --------
my-redshift ...
To retrieve credentials for a database and connect to it:
tsh db connect --db-user=alice --db-name=dev my-redshift
Teleport does not currently use the auto-create option when generating tokens for Redshift databases. Users must exist in the database.
tsh db connect --db-user=role/example-iam-role --db-name=dev my-redshift
To log out of the database and remove credentials:
tsh db logout my-redshift
Troubleshooting
Certificate error
If your tsh db connect
error includes the following text, you likely have an RDS or DocumentDB database created before July 28, 2020, which presents an X.509 certificate that is incompatible with Teleport:
x509: certificate relies on legacy Common Name field, use SANs instead
AWS provides instructions to rotate your SSL/TLS certificate.
No credential providers error
If you see the error NoCredentialProviders: no valid providers in chain
in Database Service logs then Teleport
is not detecting the required credentials to connect via AWS IAM permissions. Check whether
the credentials or security role has been applied in the machine running the Teleport Database Service.
When running on EKS, this error may occur if the Teleport Database Service cannot access IMDSv2 when the PUT requests hop limit on the worker node instance is set to 1. You can use the following commands to check the hop limit:
aws ec2 describe-instances --instance-ids <node-instance-id> | grep HttpPutResponseHopLimit"HttpPutResponseHopLimit": 1,
See IMDSv2 support for EKS and EKS best practices for more details.
Timeout errors
The Teleport Database Service needs connectivity to your database endpoints. That may require
enabling inbound traffic on the database from the Database Service on the same VPC or routing rules from another VPC. Using the nc
program you can verify connections to databases:
nc -zv postgres-instance-1.sadas.us-east-1.rds.amazonaws.com 5432Connection to postgres-instance-1.sadas.us-east-1.rds.amazonaws.com (172.31.24.172) 5432 port [tcp/postgresql] succeeded!
Not authorized to perform sts:AssumeRole
The Database Service assumes an IAM role in one of following situations:
- A Teleport user specifies an IAM role as the database user they wish to use when accessing AWS services that require IAM roles as database users. Databases that support using an IAM role as a database user include: DynamoDB, Keyspaces, Opensearch, Redshift, and Redshift Serverless.
- The
assume_role_arn
field is specified for the database resources or dynamic resource matchers.
When both of the above conditions are true for a database connection, the
Database Service performs a role chaining by assuming the IAM role specified
in assume_role_arn
first, then using that IAM role to assume the IAM role for
the database user.
You may encounter the following error if the trust relationship is not configured properly between the IAM roles:
AccessDenied: User: arn:aws:sts::111111111111:assumed-role/teleport-db-service-role/i-* is not authorized to perform: sts:AssumeRole on resource: arn:aws:iam::111111111111:role/db-user-role
To allow IAM Role teleport-db-service-role
to assume IAM Role db-user-role
, the following is
generally required:
1. Configure Trust Relationships on db-user-role
teleport-db-service-role
or its AWS account should be set as Principal
in db-user-role
's trust
policy.
{
"Version": "2012-10-17",
"Statement": [
{
"Effect": "Allow",
"Principal": {
"AWS": "arn:aws:iam::aws-account-id:role/teleport-db-service-role"
},
"Action": "sts:AssumeRole"
}
]
}
{
"Version": "2012-10-17",
"Statement": [
{
"Effect": "Allow",
"Principal": {
"AWS": "arn:aws:iam::aws-account-id:root"
},
"Action": "sts:AssumeRole"
}
]
}
{
"Version": "2012-10-17",
"Statement": [
{
"Effect": "Allow",
"Principal": {
"AWS": "arn:aws:iam::external-aws-account-id:role/teleport-db-service-role"
},
"Action": "sts:AssumeRole",
"Condition": {
"StringEquals": {
"sts:ExternalId": "example-external-id"
}
}
}
]
}
2. Configure Permissions Policies on teleport-db-service-role
teleport-db-service-role
requires sts:AssumeRole
permissions, for example:
{
"Version": "2012-10-17",
"Statement": [
{
"Action": "sts:AssumeRole",
"Effect": "Allow",
"Resource": "arn:aws:iam::aws-account-id:role/db-user-role"
}
]
}
Note that this policy can be omitted when teleport-db-service-role
and db-user-role
are in the same
AWS account and teleport-db-service-role
's full ARN is configured as Principal in db-user-role
's
trust policy.
3. Configure Permissions Boundary on teleport-db-service-role
If teleport-db-service-role
does not have an attached
Permissions boundary
then you can skip this step.
Otherwise, the boundary policy attached to teleport-db-service-role
must include
sts:AssumeRole
permissions, for example:
{
"Version": "2012-10-17",
"Statement": [
{
"Action": "sts:AssumeRole",
"Effect": "Allow",
"Resource": "*"
}
]
}
You can test the trust relationship by running this AWS CLI command as teleport-db-service-role
:
aws sts assume-role --role-arn arn:aws:iam::111111111111:role/db-user-role --role-session-name test-trust-relationship
Learn more on how to use trust policies with IAM roles.
Maximum policy size exceeded errors
Due to IAM and STS character limits, you may encounter one of the following errors in the Database Service logs when large numbers of databases are registered:
LimitExceeded: Maximum policy size of 2048 bytes exceeded for user <iam-user>
LimitExceeded: Maximum policy size of 10240 bytes exceeded for role <iam-role>
For reference, a user policy can maintain permissions for approximately 6 Redshift databases, or 20 RDS databases due to the IAM policy character limits. A role policy can maintain permissions for approximately 30 Redshift databases, or 100 RDS databases.
To get around this limit, try using one or a combination of the following methods:
You can reduce the policy size by separating them into multiple IAM roles. Use
assume_role_arn
to specify different IAM roles for accessing the databases:
You can specify assume_role_arn
in the AWS matchers of Discovery Service's
configuration:
discovery_service:
enabled: "yes"
aws:
- types: ["rds"]
regions: ["us-west-1", "us-west-2"]
assume_role_arn: "arn:aws:iam::123456789012:role/example-role-rds-env-prod-discovery"
tags:
"env": "prod"
- types: ["redshift", "redshift-serverless"]
regions: ["us-west-2"]
assume_role_arn: "arn:aws:iam::123456789012:role/example-role-redshift-env-dev"
tags:
"env": "dev"
The Discovery Service will use the IAM roles specified in assume_role_arn
for discovery, and by default the Database Service will use the same IAM
roles for authentication.
However, you can also overwrite the IAM roles for authentication by Database Service if you wish to use different roles:
db_service:
enabled: "yes"
resources:
# Matches us-west-1 env=prod RDS databases from Discovery Service, and
# overwrites assume_role_arn.
- labels:
"env": "prod"
"region": "us-west-1"
aws:
assume_role_arn: "arn:aws:iam::123456789012:role/example-role-rds-env-prod-us-west-1-access"
# Matches us-west-2 env=prod RDS databases from Discovery Service, and
# overwrites assume_role_arn.
- labels:
"env": "prod"
"region": "us-west-2"
aws:
assume_role_arn: "arn:aws:iam::123456789012:role/example-role-rds-env-prod-us-west-2-access"
# Matches env=dev Redshift databases from Discovery Service and inherits
# "arn:aws:iam::123456789012:role/example-role-redshift-env-dev"
- labels:
"env": "dev"
Teleport generates certain labels derived from the cloud resource attributes during discovery. See Auto-Discovery labels /labels/#auto-discovery) for more details.
Create or print the required IAM policies with the following commands and attach them to the respective IAM roles:
teleport db configure aws create-iam --types redshift,redshift-serverless --name teleport-redshift-accessteleport db configure aws print-iam --types redshift,redshift-serverless
Refer to the command usage for a complete list of database types supported by
the --types
option.
You can specify assume_role_arn
in the AWS matchers of Database Service's
configuration:
db_service:
enabled: "yes"
aws:
- types: ["rds"]
regions: ["us-west-1", "us-west-2"]
assume_role_arn: "arn:aws:iam::123456789012:role/example-role-rds-env-prod"
tags:
"env": "prod"
- types: ["redshift", "redshift-serverless"]
regions: ["us-west-2"]
assume_role_arn: "arn:aws:iam::123456789012:role/example-role-redshift-env-dev"
tags:
"env": "dev"
The Database Service will use the IAM roles specified assume_role_arn
for
both discovery and authentication.
To bootstrap IAM permissions, run the bootstrap command for each assume_role_arn
:
teleport db configure bootstrap \ -c /etc/teleport.yaml \ --policy-name teleport-policy-rds-env-prod \ --attach-to-role "arn:aws:iam::123456789012:role/example-role-rds-env-prod"
You can specify aws.assume_role_arn
when defining databases in Database
Service's configuration:
db_service:
enabled: "yes"
databases:
- name: "rds-postgres"
protocol: "postgres"
uri: "rds-postgres.abcdef012345.us-west-1.rds.amazonaws.com:5432"
aws:
assume_role_arn: "arn:aws:iam::123456789012:role/example-rds-access-role"
To bootstrap IAM permissions, run the bootstrap command for each assume_role_arn
:
teleport db configure bootstrap \ -c /etc/teleport.yaml \ --policy-name teleport-policy-rds-access \ --attach-to-role "arn:aws:iam::123456789012:role/example-rds-access-role"
You can specify aws.assume_role_arn
when defining databases:
kind: db
version: v3
metadata:
name: "rds-postgres"
labels:
env: "dev"
spec:
protocol: "postgres"
uri: "rds-postgres.abcdef012345.us-west-1.rds.amazonaws.com:5432"
aws:
assume_role_arn: "arn:aws:iam::123456789012:role/example-rds-access-role"
Alternatively, you can overwrite the IAM roles for authentication by Database Service:
db_service:
enabled: "yes"
resources:
# Matches env=dev databases and overwrites assume_role_arn.
- labels:
"env": "dev"
aws:
assume_role_arn: "arn:aws:iam::123456789012:role/example-env-dev-access"
# Matches env=prod database, and use the assume_role_arn in the database's
# definition or use the host IAM identity if assume_role_arn is empty.
- labels:
"env": "prod"
Create or print the required IAM policies with the following commands and attach them to the respective IAM roles:
teleport db configure aws create-iam --types rds --name teleport-rds-accessteleport db configure aws print-iam --types rds
Refer to the command usage for a complete list of database types supported by
the --types
option.
The IAM roles specified in assume_role_arn
must
trust
the IAM identity of the host running the Database Service.
The assume_role_arn
is not limited to the same AWS account so you can also
use this feature for AWS Cross-Account
Access.
You can manually manage IAM policies for database connections instead of relying on the Database Service to update them.
For example, you can limit the character size by attaching a policy with a wildcard "*" for "Resource":
{
"Version": "2012-10-17",
"Statement": [
{
"Effect": "Allow",
"Action": "rds-db:connect",
"Resource": "*"
}
]
}
{
"Version": "2012-10-17",
"Statement": [
{
"Effect": "Allow",
"Action": "redshift:GetClusterCredentials",
"Resource": "*"
}
]
}
You can safely remove the inline policy created by the Database Service and the
IAM permissions for the Database Service to Get/Put/Delete
the user or role
policy.
You can deploy the Database Service in a highly available (HA) configuration where databases can be sharded to separate Database Services with different IAM roles.
IAM users have a lower character limit compared to IAM roles. If the limit is exceeded for a user policy, it is recommended to use IAM roles for the Database Service instead.
Unable to cancel a query
If you use a PostgreSQL cli client like psql
, and you try to cancel a query
with ctrl+c
, but it doesn't cancel the query, then you need to connect using a
tsh local proxy instead.
When psql
cancels a query, it establishes a new connection without TLS
certificates, however Teleport requires TLS certificates not only for
authentication, but also to route database connections.
If you
enable TLS Routing in Teleport
then tsh db connect
will automatically start a local proxy for every
connection.
Alternatively, you can connect via
Teleport Connect
which also uses a local proxy.
Otherwise, you need to start a tsh local proxy manually using tsh proxy db
and connect via the local proxy.
If you have already started a long-running query in a psql
session that you
cannot cancel with ctrl+c, you can start a new client session to cancel that
query manually:
First, find the query's process identifier (PID):
SELECT pid,starttime,duration,trim(user_name) AS user,trim(query) AS query FROM stv_recents WHERE status = 'Running';
Next, gracefully cancel the query using its PID. This will send a SIGINT signal to the postgres backend process for that query:
SELECT pg_cancel_backend(<PID>);
You should always try to gracefully terminate a query first, but if graceful cancellation is taking too long, then you can forcefully terminate the query instead. This will send a SIGTERM signal to the postgres backend process for that query:
SELECT pg_terminate_backend(<PID>);
See the PostgreSQL documentation on
admin functions
for more information about the pg_cancel_backend
and pg_terminate_backend
functions.
SSL SYSCALL error
You may encounter the following error when your local psql
is not compatible
with newer versions of OpenSSL:
tsh db connect --db-user postgres --db-name postgres postgrespsql: error: connection to server at "localhost" (::1), port 12345 failed: Connection refused Is the server running on that host and accepting TCP/IP connections?connection to server at "localhost" (127.0.0.1), port 12345 failed: SSL SYSCALL error: Undefined error: 0
Please upgrade your local psql
to the latest version.
Next steps
- Learn more about using IAM authentication to generate database user credentials for Amazon Redshift.
- Learn how to restrict access to certain users and databases.
- View the High Availability (HA) guide.
- Take a look at the YAML configuration reference.