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Version: 17.x (unreleased)

Configure Teleport to Create Host Users

Teleport's SSH Service can be configured to automatically create local Unix users upon login.

This saves you from having to manually create users for each member of an organization and provides more fine-grained control of permissions on a given host. Host users created by Teleport are transient and will be deleted at the end of an SSH session.

Prerequisites​

  • A running Teleport cluster version 17.0.0-dev or above. If you want to get started with Teleport, sign up for a free trial or set up a demo environment.

  • The tctl admin tool and tsh client tool.

    Visit Installation for instructions on downloading tctl and tsh.

  • A running Linux server registered with Teleport. See the Server Access Getting Started Guide for how to add a server to your Teleport cluster. We recommend enrolling a server that runs in a demo environment for the purpose of this guide until you are familiar with the instructions.
  • The following utilities should be available in the PATH for the Teleport SSH Service, since it must execute these commands in order to create transient users:
    • useradd
    • userdel
    • usermod
    • groupadd
    • getent
    • visudo
  • To check that you can connect to your Teleport cluster, sign in with tsh login, then verify that you can run tctl commands using your current credentials. For example: 
    $ tsh login --proxy=teleport.example.com [email protected]
    $ tctl status
    # Cluster  teleport.example.com
    # Version  17.0.0-dev
    # CA pin   sha256:abdc1245efgh5678abdc1245efgh5678abdc1245efgh5678abdc1245efgh5678
    If you can connect to the cluster and run the tctl status command, you can use your current credentials to run subsequent tctl commands from your workstation. If you host your own Teleport cluster, you can also run tctl commands on the computer that hosts the Teleport Auth Service for full permissions.

Automatic host users​

In this section, you will configure Teleport to create local users when a Teleport user starts an SSH session.

Step 1/4. Configure RBAC​

When a Teleport user accesses an SSH Service instance, Teleport checks each of the user's roles that match the instance. If at least one role matches the instance but does not set create_host_user_mode, automatic user creation will be disabled. Roles that do not match the server will not be checked.

To enable host user creation, you will:

  • Label your server so you can match it with a Teleport role that enables host user creation.
  • Create a role that enables host user creation for servers with the label you added.
  • For the purpose of this guide, create a Teleport user with only the role you created.

Label your server​

  1. Access the server you enrolled with Teleport before beginning this guide and open the Teleport configuration file, which is /etc/teleport.yaml by default.

  2. Make the following change to the configuration file:

      labels:
    +   app: "nginx"

  3. Restart Teleport on the server.

Define a Teleport role​

The following role specification allows users to log in as nginxrestarter on any matching server. Add this content to a file called auto-users.yaml:

kind: role
version: v5
metadata:
  name: auto-users
spec:
  options:
    # Allow automatic creation of users.
    create_host_user_mode: keep
    create_host_user_default_shell: /bin/bash
  allow:
    logins: [ "nginxrestarter" ]
    # List of host groups the created user will be added to. Any that don't already exist are created.
    host_groups: [ubuntu, nginx, other]
    # List of entries to include in a temporary sudoers file created in /etc/sudoers.d
    host_sudoers: [
       # This line will allow the `nginxrestarter` user to run
       # `systemctl restart nginx.service` as
       # root without requiring a password.
       # The sudoers entries will be prefixed with `nginxrestarter` in this case.
       # sudoers file reference documentation: https://www.sudo.ws/docs/man/1.8.17/sudoers.man/
       "ALL = (root) NOPASSWD: /usr/bin/systemctl restart nginx.service"
    ]
    node_labels:
      "app": "nginx"

The create_host_user_mode field enables host user creation when the value is keep. When a user with the auto-users role logs in to a server that matches the app:nginx label, the Teleport SSH Service creates a host user, adds it to the groups listed in host_groups, and gives it the sudoer permissions specified in the host_sudoers field. In this case, the new user receives permission to restart the Nginx service as root. In Teleport 16.4.0 and later, the default shell for a created user can be configured with create_host_user_default_shell. Otherwise the host's default shell will be used.

Customizing host user creation

Each value of the logins field must conform to the username requirements of the Linux distribution being used. See User/Group Name Syntax for requirements in common distributions.

When multiple roles contain host_sudoers entries, the sudoers file will have the entries written to it ordered by role name

If a role includes a deny rule that sets host_sudoers to '*', the user will have all sudoers entries removed when accessing matching Nodes, otherwise deny rules are matched literally when filtering:

kind: role
version: v5
metadata:
  name: auto-users
spec:
  options:
    create_host_user_mode: keep
  deny:
    host_sudoers: [
       "*" # ensure that users in this role never have sudoers files created on matching Nodes
       "ALL=(ALL) NOPASSWD: ALL" # host_sudoers entries matching this are filtered out
    ]
    node_labels:
      "app": "nginx"

If a server must never allow the automatic creation of transient Unix users you can set disable_create_host_user to true in the Node's configuration:

# teleport.yaml
teleport:
  nodename: node
ssh_service:
  enabled: true
  # Disable automatic host user creation on this Node, regardless of role permissions.
  disable_create_host_user: true

In low-security environments, you can also set create_host_user_mode to insecure-drop, which deletes users once the session ends. However, in this mode it is possible for a created user to get the same UID as a previously deleted user, which would give the new user access to all of the old user's files if they are not deleted. Use keep mode unless you really need users to be removed.

Create the role:

$ tctl create -f auto-users.yaml
# role 'auto-users' has been created

Create a Teleport user​

  1. Run the following command to create a Teleport user with the auto-users role:

    $ tctl users add demo-user --roles=auto-users --logins=nginxrestarter

  2. Follow the instructions in your terminal to visit the Teleport Web UI and create the user.

Step 2/4. [Optional] Configure the UID and GID for the created users​

If the user has the host_user_uid and host_user_gid traits specified, when the host user is being created the UID and GID will be set to those values.

These values can either be set manually when creating or updating the user through tctl, or it can be set via SSO attributes of the same name.

If a group with the specified GID does not already exist, a group will be created with the same login name as the user being created.

kind: user
metadata:
  name: demo-user
spec:
  ...
  traits:
    logins:
    - nginxrestarter
    host_user_gid:
    # gid and uid values must be quoted.
    - "1234"
    host_user_uid:
    - "5678"
warning

If multiple entries are specified in the host_user_uid or host_user_gid only the first entry will be used.

Step 3/4. Configure sudoers on your Linux servers​

Teleport host user creation leverages the sudoers.d directory for new users. For CentOS builds, ensure that the following line is present in your sudoers file. Ignore for any other Linux distros:

#includedir /etc/sudoers.d

In the sudoers file, the # symbol is typically used to indicate comments. However, in this context, #includedir is a directive and not a comment.

For Debian-based systems, you might encounter @includedir /etc/sudoers.d, which serves a similar purpose. Ensure that the correct directive is used based on your operating system.

Step 4/4 Test host user creation​

When you connect to a remote Node via tsh, and host user creation is enabled, the Teleport SSH Service will automatically create a user on the host:

$ tsh login
$ tsh ssh nginxrestarter@develnode
$ grep "nginxrestarter" /etc/passwd
# nginxrestarter:x:1001:1003::/home/nginxrestarter:/bin/bash
$ grep "other" /etc/group
# other:x:1002:nginxrestarter
$ exit
$ tsh ssh admin@develnode # checking the user was deleted after logout
$ grep "nginxrestarter" /etc/passwd
$ echo $?
# 1

When the user above logs in, the nginxrestarter user and any groups that do not already exist are created on the host. The nginxrestarter user is added to the ubuntu, nginx, and other groups, as specified in the host_groups field.

Static host users​

In this section, you will configure Teleport to create local users independently of an SSH session. Static host users require Teleport version >=16.3.0 on auth servers, SSH services, and tctl.

Step 1/3. Configure RBAC​

Label your server​

  1. Access the server you enrolled with Teleport before beginning this guide and open the Teleport configuration file, which is /etc/teleport.yaml by default.

  2. Make the following change to the configuration file:

      labels:
    +   app: "nginx"

  3. Restart Teleport on the server.

Define a Teleport role​

The following role specification allows users to log in as nginxrestarter on any matching server. Add this content to a file called auto-users.yaml:

kind: role
version: v5
metadata:
  name: auto-users
spec:
  allow:
    logins: ["nginxrestarter"]
    node_labels:
      "app": "nginx"

Create the role:

$ tctl create -f auto-users.yaml
# role 'auto-users' has been created

Create a Teleport user​

  1. Run the following command to create a Teleport user with the auto-users role:

    $ tctl users add demo-user --roles=auto-users --logins=nginxrestarter

  2. Follow the instructions in your terminal to visit the Teleport Web UI and create the user.

Step 2/3. Create the static host user​

Add this content to a file called nginxrestarter.yaml:

kind: static_host_user
metadata:
  name: nginxrestarter
spec:
  matchers:
    # Use either node_labels or node_labels_expression to select which servers
    # to create the host user on. Only one is required.
    - node_labels:
      - name: app
        values: ["nginx"]
      node_labels_expression: 'labels["app"] == "nginx"'
      # List of host groups the created user will be added to. Any that don't already exist are created.
      groups: [ubuntu, nginx, other]
      # List of entries to include in a temporary sudoers file created in /etc/sudoers.d
      sudoers: [
        # This line will allow the `nginxrestarter` user to run
        # `systemctl restart nginx.service` as
        # root without requiring a password.
        # The sudoers entries will be prefixed with `nginxrestarter` in this case.
        # sudoers file reference documentation: https://www.sudo.ws/docs/man/1.8.17/sudoers.man/
        "ALL = (root) NOPASSWD: /usr/bin/systemctl restart nginx.service"
      ]
      # UID of the host user. Optional.
      # uid: 1234
      # GID of the host user. Optional.
      # gid: 1234
      # Default shell for the created user. Optional.
      # default_shell: /bin/bash
      # Whether or not static host user provisioning should automatically take ownership of existing users
      # created outside of Teleport. Optional.
      # take_ownership_if_user_exists: true

    # Add additional matchers if needed to configure nginxrestarter differently
    # on different servers.
    # - node_labels:
      # ...

The name of the static host user resource must match the login of the user to be created. A server will only provision the user if a single defined matcher is satisfied. If there are multiple matches for a single static host user resource, or if the user already exists and take_ownership_if_user_exists is not set to true, then the server will refuse to provision the user.

Create the static host user:

$ tctl create -f nginxrestarter.yaml
# static_host_user 'nginxrestarter' has been created
note

Deleting the static host user resource does not remove the host user from any servers it has been applied to.

Step 3/3. Test​

Connect to the remote Node via tsh to verify that the host user was created:

$ tsh login
$ tsh ssh nginxrestarter@develnode
$ grep "nginxrestarter" /etc/passwd
# nginxrestarter:x:1001:1003::/home/nginxrestarter:/bin/bash
$ grep "other" /etc/group
# other:x:1002:nginxrestarter

Under the hood​

The Teleport SSH Service executes useradd to create new users on the host, and returns an error if it cannot find the useradd binary. The useradd command adds the user to the groups specified in the Teleport user's roles, and Teleport separately creates a new home directory with the name of the new host user.

The SSH Service executes useradd --no-create-home --home-dir <home> <username> --groups <groups> --uid <uid> --gid <gid> when adding a user, with all other options using system defaults. For example, it associates the user with the default login shell for the host, which you can specify by setting the SHELL field in /etc/default/useradd. See the useradd manual for your system for a full description of the default behavior.

The Teleport SSH Service also creates a file in /etc/sudoers.d with the contents of the host_sudoers file written with one entry per line, each prefixed with the username of the user that has logged in.

The session can then proceed as usual. When the SSH session ends, the user and their home directory will be kept on the machine. It is possible to remove automatic host users by setting create_host_user_mode to insecure-drop in the role definition. However, the potential for a user id to be reused on the system opens up a number of potential security risks, so we recommend using keep mode unless you have a specific need and understand the potential impacts.

Should a Teleport SSH instance be restarted while a session is in progress, the user will be cleaned up at the next Teleport restart.

Migrating unmanaged users​

keep mode users from previous versions of Teleport​

Automatic host users created with create_host_user_mode: keep prior to v14.3.24, v15.4.16, and v16.1.8 will not be managed by later versions of Teleport. In order to migrate these users automatically on their next session, you can add teleport-keep to your role's host_groups. Host users can also be migrated manually by adding them to the teleport-keep group directly on the hosts you wish to migrate.

Static host users​

By default, static host user provisioning will not take ownership of any existing users created outside of Teleport. In order to configure Teleport to automatically take ownership of any unmanaged users that collide with a static host user, the take_ownership_if_user_exists flag can be set to true on the static host user resource. This will bring the existing user under Teleport's management and override the groups assigned to that user. Similar to migrating teleport-keep users, it is possible to migrate users manually by adding them to the teleport-static group directly on the hosts.

Next steps​

  • Configure automatic user provisioning for Database Access.
  • Configure automatic user provisioning for desktop access.
  • Configure automatic user provisioning with Terraform. Note when using the terraform provider that some values may be different than described in this guide.